Saying the unsayable has become the norm, but when public language breaks down, argues former BBC director general Mark Thompson, politics falls apart
What happens when political language fails? When the rage and incomprehension boil over, and we run out of a common vocabulary and sufficient trust in each others words to be able to sit down and work through what unites and divides us? Dont expect much comfort from history. From the fall of Athens to the rise of totalitarianism, observers from Thucydides to George Orwell have associated a breakdown in public language or rhetoric, to give it a more traditional name with the failure of democracy, loss of freedom, civil strife and, ultimately, tyranny and murder.
We are children of the Enlightenment, brought up to believe that we must always dig below the surface to get at the truth, and that nothing could be more of the surface than rhetoric, that slap of paint politicians use to cover who knows what. No wonder we usually want to work back from deficiencies in the way we hear political ideas expressed to what we take to be more fundamental causes ideology, group values and affinities, the major economic and social challenges of the day. But there have been periods, in both ancient and modern history, when observers have come to believe that the causality can flow in the opposite direction, and that it is when public language fails that politics as whole starts to fall apart.
So lets talk about 2016. In Britain, the ugly shambles that passed for a once-and-for-all national debate about our place in Europe. In the US, an official candidate for the presidency seemingly capable of any exaggeration or untruth including wondering aloud if the USs gun owners couldnt do something to stop Hillary Clinton but still retaining the support of tens of millions of voters. In continental Europe, the extremists gaining ground in many countries, the ultra-rightist Norbert Hofer within millimetres of the Austrian presidency, Marine Le Pen polling well in the run-up to next years French presidential race. And almost everywhere whether in the debating chamber, on prime time TV or the smartphone in your pocket a sense of a public discourse that is losing its power to explain and reconcile, or indeed to express anything beyond hatred and division.
These trends have many social, economic and political causes, but public language the language we use when we discuss politics or policy, or make our case in court, or try to persuade anyone of anything else in a public context seems to me to be at the heart of the matter. Indeed, I believe we are living through what amounts to a crisis in public language.
The crisis is playing out in many ways, but perhaps the most important is the failure of conventional political rhetoric in almost every western country. The gap between the claims and promises of political leaders and the facts on the ground about inequality, globalisation and the crash of 2008, about immigration, about the wests unhappy wars in the Middle East, and much else besides became insupportably wide. As opinion polls in the US, UK, France and elsewhere demonstrate, many voters have simply stopped believing a word of it.
But the death of a political rhetoric is not like a royal succession, with the crown passing smoothly from one monarch to the next. Were living in a disputed interregnum, with many politicians refusing to accept that the old queen is dead and strange pretenders popping up everywhere anti-politicians such as Beppe Grillo and Donald Trump, mavericks from within existing political structures such as Ted Cruz and Boris Johnson each with their own rhetorical recipe for fame and glory.
Of course, the pretenders would deny that they were in the rhetoric business at all. If they mention the word, it is only in the context of the detested public language of the establishment. If theres one thing I cant abide its rhetoric, that Trump-before-the-fact Silvio Berlusconi once remarked. Im only interested in what needs to get done. Trumps own appeal depends more than anything on the belief that he is a truth-teller untainted by the lying ways of conventional politicians: early in the primary campaign, one representative Fox News poll found that 44% of a sample of US voters, and 62% of Republicans, agreed with the statement: He tells it like it is, and we need that now in a president.
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